{"id":395,"date":"2019-09-26T10:04:41","date_gmt":"2019-09-26T14:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/actlabs.readyforlaunch.ca\/?page_id=395"},"modified":"2021-04-20T10:50:29","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T14:50:29","slug":"carbon-and-sulphur-species","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/actlabs.com\/fr\/geochemistry-analysis\/carbon-sulphur-species-acid-rock-drainage\/carbon-and-sulphur-species\/","title":{"rendered":"Carbon and Sulphur Species"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_5 1_5 fusion-one-fifth fusion-column-first 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id=\"menu-item-751\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-751\"><a href=\"https:\/\/actlabs.com\/fr\/geochemistry-analysis\/quality-assurance\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Quality Assurance<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"menu-item-3579\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3579\"><a href=\"https:\/\/actlabs.com\/fr\/actlabs-downloads\/geochemistry-resources\/\"><span class=\"link-text\"> Geochemistry Resources<\/span><span class=\"arrow\"><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"fusion-additional-widget-content\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-three-fourth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:75%;width:calc(75% - ( ( 6% ) * 0.75 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">CARBON AND SULPHUR SPECIES<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">Determining carbon and sulphur species can provide valuable information on mineralogy, metallurgy, and environmental issues pre and post project evaluation.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:18px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:rgba(204,204,204,0);--awb-background-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#1e99df;--awb-content-color:#4f4d4d;--awb-icon-box-color:#1a80b6;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#1a80b6;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:regular;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:18px;--awb-title-line-height:1.2;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-395-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-528c721cfee5a1275 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_528c721cfee5a1275\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"528c721cfee5a1275\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#528c721cfee5a1275\" href=\"#528c721cfee5a1275\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - C, S<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"528c721cfee5a1275\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_528c721cfee5a1275\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Accelerator material is added to a 0.2g sample. The inductive elements of the sample and accelerator couple with the high frequency field of the induction furnace. The pure oxygen environment and the heat generated by this coupling cause the sample to combust. During combustion, carbon-bearing elements are reduced, releasing the carbon, which immediately binds with the oxygen to form CO and CO<sub>2<\/sub>, the majority being CO<sub>2<\/sub>. A small amount of carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide in the catalytic heater assembly. Sulphur-bearing elements are reduced, releasing sulphur, which binds with oxygen to form SO<sub>2<\/sub>. Carbon is measured as carbon dioxide in the IR cell as gases flow through the IR cells, and sulphur is measured as sulphur dioxide in the infrared cell. Both carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide absorb IR energy at precise wavelengths within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) or sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>). The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and SO<sub>2<\/sub> are each detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the individual detectors. The analysis is performed using ELTRA Instruments.<\/p>\n<div id=\"footable_parent_980\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_0\" data-footable_id=\"980\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - C, S.csv\"            id=\"footable_980\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_3944573184_980\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_980 ninja_table_unique_id_3944573184_980 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_reportinglimit \">Reporting Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3422\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3422\">\n            <td>Total C<\/td><td>IR<\/td><td>0.01%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n            <tr data-row_id=\"3423\" class=\"ninja_table_row_1 nt_row_id_3423\">\n            <td>Total S<\/td><td>IR<\/td><td>0.01%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-2fb3deaa13e54c4bc fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_2fb3deaa13e54c4bc\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"2fb3deaa13e54c4bc\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#2fb3deaa13e54c4bc\" href=\"#2fb3deaa13e54c4bc\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - C Organic (calc)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"2fb3deaa13e54c4bc\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_2fb3deaa13e54c4bc\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>The C-Organic is calculated according to the following:<\/p>\n<p>C-Organic = Total C \u2013 C<sub>CO2<\/sub> \u2013 C<sub>Graphitic<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Carbon analysis is performed by the absorption of IR energy which can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) which absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. It can be measured in either an inert atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere (binding carbon species with the oxygen to form CO (converted to CO<sub>2<\/sub> prior to detection) and CO<sub>2<\/sub>, the majority being CO<sub>2<\/sub>, and is measured as carbon dioxide in the IR cell as gases flow through the IR cells. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. The Total C and C<sub>Graphitic<\/sub> analyses are performed using ELTRA Instruments. The descriptions of these methods are found in the website.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_964\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_1\" data-footable_id=\"964\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F-C Organic.csv\"            id=\"footable_964\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_3153045409_964\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_964 ninja_table_unique_id_3153045409_964 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_ninja_column_1 \">\ufeff<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_reportinglimit \">Reporting Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3403\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3403\">\n            <td>4F-C Organic (calc)<\/td><td>0.5%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-45914de0fe0269078 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_45914de0fe0269078\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"45914de0fe0269078\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#45914de0fe0269078\" href=\"#45914de0fe0269078\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - C Organic (non-carbonate carbon)<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"45914de0fe0269078\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_45914de0fe0269078\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">A 0.2g sample is reacted with hydrochloric acid in a filtering combustion crucible to remove carbonate carbon. Carbon analysis of the remaining residue (non-carbonate carbon) is performed by the absorption of IR energy which can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) which absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. It can be measured in either an inert atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere (binding carbon species with the oxygen to form CO (converted to CO<sub>2<\/sub> prior to detection) and CO<sub>2<\/sub>, the majority being CO<sub>2<\/sub>, and is measured as carbon dioxide in the IR cell as gases flow through the IR cells. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. The analysis is performed using ELTRA Instruments.<\/p>\n<div id=\"footable_parent_982\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_2\" data-footable_id=\"982\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - C Organic (non-carbonate carbon).csv\"            id=\"footable_982\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_1496954221_982\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_982 ninja_table_unique_id_1496954221_982 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_ninja_column_1 \">\ufeff<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_reportinglimit \">Reporting Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3424\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3424\">\n            <td>4F-C Organic (non-carbonate carbon)<\/td><td>0.02%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-0b5a8ee336b1d1382 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_0b5a8ee336b1d1382\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"0b5a8ee336b1d1382\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#0b5a8ee336b1d1382\" href=\"#0b5a8ee336b1d1382\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - C Total<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"0b5a8ee336b1d1382\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_0b5a8ee336b1d1382\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Accelerator material is added to a 0.2g sample. The inductive elements of the sample and accelerator couple with the high frequency field of the induction furnace. The pure oxygen environment and the heat generated by this coupling cause the sample to combust. During combustion, carbon-bearing elements are reduced, releasing the carbon, which immediately binds with the oxygen to form CO and CO<sub>2<\/sub>, the majority being CO<sub>2<\/sub>. A small amount of carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide in the catalytic heater assembly. Carbon is measured as carbon dioxide in the IR cell as gases flow through the IR cells. Carbon dioxide absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. The analysis is performed using ELTRA Instruments.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_983\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_3\" data-footable_id=\"983\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - C Total.csv\"            id=\"footable_983\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_2063455452_983\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_983 ninja_table_unique_id_2063455452_983 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_reportinglimit \">Reporting Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3425\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3425\">\n            <td>4F-C Total<\/td><td>IR<\/td><td>0.01%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-64292daa1d2de4f58 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_64292daa1d2de4f58\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"64292daa1d2de4f58\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#64292daa1d2de4f58\" href=\"#64292daa1d2de4f58\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - C Graphitic<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"64292daa1d2de4f58\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_64292daa1d2de4f58\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>A 0.5 g sample is subjected to a multistage furnace treatment to remove all forms of carbon with the exception of graphitic carbon. Either a resistance or induction furnace is used for analysis. The inductive elements of the sample and accelerator couple with the high frequency field of the induction furnace. The pure oxygen environment and the heat generated by this coupling cause the sample to combust. During combustion, carbon-bearing elements are reduced, releasing the carbon, which immediately binds with the oxygen to form CO and CO<sub>2<\/sub>, the majority being CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Carbon is measured as carbon dioxide in the IR cell as gases flow through the IR cells. Carbon dioxide absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. The analysis is performed using ELTRA Instruments.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_965\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_4\" data-footable_id=\"965\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - C Graphitic.csv\"            id=\"footable_965\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_2466857599_965\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_965 ninja_table_unique_id_2466857599_965 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_reportinglimit \">Reporting Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3404\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3404\">\n            <td>4F-C Graphitic<\/td><td>IR<\/td><td>0.05%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-324ac6ecbd417a269 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_324ac6ecbd417a269\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"324ac6ecbd417a269\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#324ac6ecbd417a269\" href=\"#324ac6ecbd417a269\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - CaCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"324ac6ecbd417a269\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_324ac6ecbd417a269\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>A sample 0.2 g in size is thermally decomposed in a resistance furnace in a pure nitrogen environment at 1000 \u00b0C, using an ELTRA CW-800, directly releasing CO<sub>2<\/sub>. H<sub>2<\/sub>O is removed in a moisture trap prior to the detection of carbon dioxide in the IR cell. Carbon dioxide absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. The Analysis is performed using ELTRA Instruments. The CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> is calculated according to the following:<br \/>\nCaCO<sub>3<\/sub> (calc) = Measured CO<sub>2<\/sub> * (MW CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> (100.089)\/MW CO<sub>2<\/sub> (44.010)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<div id=\"footable_parent_984\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_5\" data-footable_id=\"984\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - CaCO3.csv\"            id=\"footable_984\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_1792980936_984\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_984 ninja_table_unique_id_1792980936_984 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3426\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3426\">\n            <td>CaCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/td><td>Infrared, Calc.<\/td><td>0.02%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-04aaeec9d4e3d372d fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_04aaeec9d4e3d372d\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"04aaeec9d4e3d372d\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#04aaeec9d4e3d372d\" href=\"#04aaeec9d4e3d372d\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"04aaeec9d4e3d372d\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_04aaeec9d4e3d372d\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>0.2 g sample is thermally decomposed in a resistance furnace in a pure nitrogen environment at 1000 \u00b0C, using an ELTRA instrument, directly releasing CO2. H<sub>2<\/sub>O is removed in a moisture trap prior to the detection of carbon dioxide in the IR cell. Carbon dioxide absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to carbon dioxide (CO2). The concentration of CO2 is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_970\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_6\" data-footable_id=\"970\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - CO2.csv\"            id=\"footable_970\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_3230587698_970\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_970 ninja_table_unique_id_3230587698_970 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3410\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3410\">\n            <td>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td>Infrared<\/td><td>0.01%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-0a0f3cc1506add06f fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_0a0f3cc1506add06f\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"0a0f3cc1506add06f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#0a0f3cc1506add06f\" href=\"#0a0f3cc1506add06f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F-H Total<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"0a0f3cc1506add06f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_0a0f3cc1506add06f\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>A 0.3g sample is thermally decomposed in a resistance furnace in a pure nitrogen environment at 1000 \u00b0C, using an ELTRA CW-800, directly releasing H<sub>2<\/sub>O, which includes both H<sub>2<\/sub>O- and H<sub>2<\/sub>O+. H<sub>2<\/sub>O absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O). The concentration of H<sub>2<\/sub>O is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector. Total H is calculated from H<sub>2<\/sub>O.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_986\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_7\" data-footable_id=\"986\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F-H Total.csv\"            id=\"footable_986\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_209754146_986\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_986 ninja_table_unique_id_209754146_986 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3427\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3427\">\n            <td>Total H<\/td><td>Infrared, Calc.<\/td><td>0.01%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-78a05ee818cf3969f fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_78a05ee818cf3969f\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"78a05ee818cf3969f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#78a05ee818cf3969f\" href=\"#78a05ee818cf3969f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - H<sub>2<\/sub>O Total<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"78a05ee818cf3969f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_78a05ee818cf3969f\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>A 0.3g sample is thermally decomposed in a resistance furnace in a pure nitrogen environment at 1000 \u00b0C, using an ELTRA Instrument, directly releasing H<sub>2<\/sub>O, which includes both H<sub>2<\/sub>O- and H<sub>2<\/sub>O+. H<sub>2<\/sub>O absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell; preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O). The concentration of H<sub>2<\/sub>O is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_987\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_8\" data-footable_id=\"987\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - H2O Total.csv\"            id=\"footable_987\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_1201677591_987\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_987 ninja_table_unique_id_1201677591_987 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3428\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3428\">\n            <td>Total H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td>Infrared<\/td><td>0.1%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-5c34416af46c9aee1 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_5c34416af46c9aee1\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"5c34416af46c9aee1\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#5c34416af46c9aee1\" href=\"#5c34416af46c9aee1\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\"> 4F-N<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"5c34416af46c9aee1\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_5c34416af46c9aee1\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>A 0.2 g sample is combusted in a resistance furnace at 1350\u00b0C, using a LECO CNS-2000. Combustion gases are collected in a 4.5-liter ballast tank and then flow to the detectors. Nitrogen in the form of N2 is detected by thermal conductivity detection.<\/p>\n<div id=\"footable_parent_3518\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_9\" data-footable_id=\"3518\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4f-N.csv\"            id=\"footable_3518\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_1062474601_3518\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_3518 ninja_table_unique_id_1062474601_3518 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"6209\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_6209\">\n            <td>Total N<\/td><td>Thermal Conductivity<\/td><td>0.01%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-7e68985daf2694579 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_7e68985daf2694579\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"7e68985daf2694579\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#7e68985daf2694579\" href=\"#7e68985daf2694579\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - S<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"7e68985daf2694579\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_7e68985daf2694579\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Accelerator material is added to a 0.2 g sample. The inductive elements of the sample and accelerator couple with the high frequency field of the induction furnace. The pure oxygen environment and the heat generated by this coupling cause the sample to combust. During combustion, sulphur-bearing elements are reduced, releasing sulphur, which binds with oxygen to form SO<sub>2<\/sub>. Sulphur is measured as sulphur dioxide in the infrared cell. ELTRA instruments are used for analysis.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_967\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_10\" data-footable_id=\"967\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - S.csv\"            id=\"footable_967\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_3269533895_967\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_967 ninja_table_unique_id_3269533895_967 ui table  nt_type_ajax_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n            <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-7714ecacfbf64fbc8 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_7714ecacfbf64fbc8\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"7714ecacfbf64fbc8\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#7714ecacfbf64fbc8\" href=\"#7714ecacfbf64fbc8\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - S04<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"7714ecacfbf64fbc8\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_7714ecacfbf64fbc8\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>A 0.2g sample is first combusted in a resistance furnace at 550 \u00b0C in a pure oxygen environment to remove sulphide sulphur, although this is dependent on mineralogy (see 4F \u2013 Sulphide method description and below from ASTM). A catalyst is added to the sample and the temperature of the resistance furnace is increased to 1450 \u00b0C. During combustion, sulphur-bearing elements are reduced, releasing sulphur, which binds with oxygen to form SO<sub>2<\/sub>. Sulphur is measured as SO<sub>2<\/sub> in the infrared cell. ELTRA instruments are used for analysis.<br \/>\nAccording to ASTM E1915 in regards to sulphate sulphur, \u201cIn the absence of sulphide forms of sulphur, total sulphur may be used to estimate the sulphate sulphur concentration. The pyrolysis residual sulphur may be the best estimate of sulphate sulphur, in the presence of barite, alunite, jarosites, since these sulphate forms are not dissolved by sodium carbonate and in the presence of orpiment and realgar, since these sulphide minerals are soluble in sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate sulphur loss may be the best estimate of sulphate sulphur in the presence of metal sulphide minerals other than iron, which may not be lost by pyrolysis and the absence of barite, alunite, jarosites, orpiment and realgar. \u201d<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_969\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_11\" data-footable_id=\"969\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - S04.csv\"            id=\"footable_969\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_338465574_969\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_969 ninja_table_unique_id_338465574_969 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3409\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3409\">\n            <td>SO4<\/td><td>Infrared<\/td><td>0.3%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-3337c87c9202ada59 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_3337c87c9202ada59\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3337c87c9202ada59\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#3337c87c9202ada59\" href=\"#3337c87c9202ada59\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - SO3<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"3337c87c9202ada59\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_3337c87c9202ada59\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Sulphite sulphur is calculated from the sulphate sulphur.<\/p>\n<p>SO<sub>3<\/sub> = Measured SSO<sub>4<\/sub> * 2.497137<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_991\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_12\" data-footable_id=\"991\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - SO3.csv\"            id=\"footable_991\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_1204872737_991\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_991 ninja_table_unique_id_1204872737_991 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3431\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3431\">\n            <td>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/td><td>Infrared, Calc.<\/td><td>0.3%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-9351203624ae470e2 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_9351203624ae470e2\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"9351203624ae470e2\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#9351203624ae470e2\" href=\"#9351203624ae470e2\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F \u2013 Sulphide<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"9351203624ae470e2\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_9351203624ae470e2\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Sulphide sulphur is calculated from the difference between measurements at 550<sup>o<\/sup>C and 1450<sup>o<\/sup>C using combustion\/IR, pyrolysis loss sulphur as described in ASTM E1915. An interpretation of the calculated sulphide value must be made in reference to the mineralogy of the sample.<\/p>\n<p>According to ASTM E1915 in regards to sulphide sulphur, \u201cIn the absence of sulphate forms of sulphur, total sulphur may be used to estimate the sulphide sulphur concentration. The pyrolysis loss sulphur may be the best estimate of sulphide sulphur, particularly where the acid generation potential due to iron sulphides is desired. The nitric acid loss method may be appropriate where the sulphide forms are primarily pyrite and marcasite and pyrrhotite is absent, since pyrrhotite may react with acid. The sodium carbonate residual sulphur method is most appropriate where the concentrations of metal sulphide minerals in addition to iron are desired in the absence of barite, alunite, jarosites, orpiment and realgar.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sulphide S = Total S &#8211; Measured SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_989\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_13\" data-footable_id=\"989\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F \u2013 Sulphide.csv\"            id=\"footable_989\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_441217570_989\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_989 ninja_table_unique_id_441217570_989 ui table  nt_type_ajax_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n            <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-c5d6f7036ae986fe5 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_c5d6f7036ae986fe5\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"c5d6f7036ae986fe5\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#c5d6f7036ae986fe5\" href=\"#c5d6f7036ae986fe5\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">4F - H<sub>2<\/sub>0+\/- Gravimetric<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"c5d6f7036ae986fe5\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_c5d6f7036ae986fe5\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>H<sub>2<\/sub>O-(moisture) is determined gravimetrically using a 2g sample heated in an oven at 105\u00b0C (Other temperatures may be used at special request). 0.3g of the dried sample(from H2<sub>O<\/sub>-) is thermally decomposed in a resistance furnace in a pure nitrogen environment at 1000 \u00b0C (interstitial water, H<sub>2<\/sub>O+), using an ELTRA CW-800, directly releasing H<sub>2<\/sub>O. H<sub>2<\/sub>O absorbs IR energy at a precise wavelength within the IR spectrum. Energy from the IR source is absorbed as the gas passes through the cell, preventing it from reaching the IR detector. All other IR energy is prevented from reaching the IR detector by a narrow bandpass filter. Because of the filter, the absorption of IR energy can be attributed only to water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O). The concentration of H<sub>2<\/sub>O is detected as a reduction in the level of energy at the detector.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><div id=\"footable_parent_994\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_14\" data-footable_id=\"994\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"4F - H20+:- - Gravimetric.csv\"            id=\"footable_994\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_2942613538_994\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_994 ninja_table_unique_id_2942613538_994 ui table  nt_type_legacy_table selectable celled striped compact vertical_centered  footable-paging-right ninja_table_search_disabled ninja_table_pro\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_2 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n        <thead>\n<tr class=\"footable-header\">\n                                                        <th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_analysis \">\ufeffAnalysis<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_method \">Method<\/th><th scope=\"col\"  class=\"ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_detectionlimit \">Detection Limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\n        <tr data-row_id=\"3432\" class=\"ninja_table_row_0 nt_row_id_3432\">\n            <td>H<sub>2<\/sub>O +\/-<\/td><td>Infrared<\/td><td>0.1%<\/td>        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody><!--ninja_tobody_rendering_done-->\n    <\/table>\n    \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-align-block\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-default-size button-default fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-span-yes fusion-button-default-type button-price-list\" 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